Animal Farm Power corrupts free essay sample

Animal Farm, by George Orwell, is an unpredictable book, which passes on a great deal data. The book is essentially an equal of the Russian Revolution, yet Orwell likewise composed this book with, as a target, to comprehend the significant topic: power undermines. This topic is clearly introduced in the novel, yet to rearrange your comprehension of this exposition, Napoleon will be utilized for instance of an undermined individual by power. To close this presentation, the defilement of Napoleon will be introduced under three angles: Desire, Achievements and total force. Untrustworthy by those in power’, regardless of the word reference meaning of the word, debasements could be utilized from numerous points of view and settings, here is a model: Napoleon’s, Squealer’s and Snowball’s nature has been ruined by old Major’s discourse. Just his words and thought defiled the pigs’ nature. Napoleon overlooked what he was and just foreshadowed what he would be as a pioneer. We will compose a custom exposition test on Animal Farm Power taints or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I believe this is the initial step of how force undermines somebody. The longing of intensity causes Napoleon to disregard his own tendency since he just perceives how he could run the homestead. This longing originated from the pigs’ inadequacy to Mr. Jones and to include some more Napoleon was available to be purchased, so his incentive to the homestead proprietor was considerably progressively significant. It is a similar story in the reality, with Joseph Stalin and the Tsar Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov or Nicholas II. Stalin was a laborer which from nothing got the supreme force on the grounds that the longing that he needed to get it was so enormous and did some shrewd moves, much the same as Napoleon. Stalin exploited from the circumstance to escape his work class. This conveys we, substandard individuals, ‘’hate’’ so much influential people. Not on the grounds that they are on the grounds that we might such a great amount of want to have their spot. This inclination could be summed up with the word envy, want and pride. Let’s return to our pig, just the thought prepared him to take Mr. Jones’ place, by learning the letters in order and making animalism as it is said at the page 13 of the novel. Those are two insights demonstrating Napoleon’s debasement thus simply because of an old person who said I had a fantasy! Since the debasement cycle began, our pig, Napoleon is in front of the ‘’temporary government’’ followed with Squealer and Snowball. They assumed responsibility for the cultivate and now get points of interest which will get them joined to their capacity. They currently could do anything from the ranch as they are the main gathering and they have Squealer which is all the purposeful publicity that conceal their untrustworthy exercises. One of these exercises is expressed at the page 14 when Squealer discloses to the creatures that the pigs need the milk and the apple for their wellbeing, that if the pigs were to become ill Mr. Jones would be back on the homestead. So all the creatures presumed that the milk and the apples will be saved for the pigs. We obviously observe that the pigs are presently controlling he others animals, another confirmation that their aims are again defiled by power as though the pigs wouldn’t had it, they could never had lie to different animals on the homestead. It’s a similar story, in actuality, Stalin and Trotsky, when Nikolay kicked the bucket, with the control of the Medias they (Squealer) they set up precisely what they needed. More tainted than the others, Stalin even assumed responsibility for one Newspaper and made it the national diary calling it ‘’La Pravda’’ which implies reality in English, by doing so he gets another key to control the populace. This show the ‘’Facette’’ of intensity that everyone might want: the advantages that debases. Now, our individual, Napoleon has just arrived at a specific degree of debasement as he acquires and more force. The last advance he can reach is, absolutism and to do so he have to dispense with some other pioneer and get another approach to control regardless of Squealer to pick up a definitive force. This is actually what Napoleon will do, by pursuing Snowball off the fascinate with the pups he took from their mom as it is composed at the page 21 of the book. Here we can consider the to be defilement of Napoleon as he currently has all the force he needed, he does anything he needs even what is prohibited by the alteration, such as drinking liquor or staying in bed beds. In an equal world, it’s a similar story with Joseph Stalin, who banished Trotsky, the main other pioneer that constrained his forces. In the both world this total defilement could be seen in view of one detail. The two heads slaughtered to get their whole force with no issue, demonstration that no slave, typical individual or feeble human could manage without getting rebuffed. On a more profound level we can even say that by doing so the pioneers debased their destiny and spirits since murdering is the best way to ‘’divide’’ in a breaking way your spirit. At last everybody might completely want to get power as it gets you ‘’higher’’ than others, everybody would appreciate it as it gets you benefits lastly everybody might want to be upon every other person as it’s human instinct. The force truly undermines and one of the primary reasons is that man will consistently need more: let’s take a person in a Porsche stopping adjacent to a Honda community, he will feel better however he realize his capacity is constrained as the fella at the cross light snickers in his Ferrari yet even him feels restricted when he see that family passing by on their yacht at port. Indeed, even them when they are getting a charge out of the sun will see a personal jet taking off they will realize that the individual inside is significantly increasingly amazing. This cycle will never end in light of the fact that even the proprietor of this personal jet will feel sub-par compared to the person in the space station with his comedian nose. This solitary gives us that force ruins since men will consistently need more as feeling, for example, bliss aren’t expected to be created with properties material and force.

Buying & Merchandising Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Purchasing and Merchandising Project - Essay Example In propounding such a dream of free enterprise, Schumpeter extrapolated the plan of action structure for serious markets, expressing â€Å"capitalism, at that point is essentially a structure or technique for financial change† (Schumpeter, 1942). Besides, Schumpeter contended that advancement was the way to progress and endurance in an industrialist state and Reinert alludes to the way that the term features how inability to be inventive in business brings about a â€Å"vicious circle where creating nations, coming up short on the fundamental innovative and institutional framework, fall further and further behind† (Reinert, 2004:11). Consequently as per Schumpeter’s model, private enterprise is the focal change typified in mechanical headway and development as a type of financial advancement (Aghion, P., and Howitt, P., 1992). From a retailing viewpoint, it is apparent that multiplication of the multi-channel retailing worldview as expected retailers to â€Å"in novate† so as to keep up position in the commercial center (Levy and Weitz, 2008). Schumpeter further contends that inside advancement inside a business operational system produces lower costs, which thusly allows organizations to sell items at lower costs, which is alluded to as powerful proficiency (Utterback, J. 1996). This thusly features a key component of Schumpeter’s model that opposition for development rather than rivalry for clients is the most significant, which seemingly supports contemporary multi-channel retail technique (Diamond and Pintel, 2004). Advancement with regards to multi-channel retail system basically gets basic to compelling free enterprise, giving the establishment of dynamism in accordance with Schumpeter’s hypothesis that the development and maintainability of an effective plan of action isn't dependant on how private enterprise oversees existing models, but instead with how it pulverizes them through imagination to endure long haul development (Metcalfe, J.S. 1998; Levy and Weitz,

Starting Guide to Local Commerce

Starting Guide to Local Commerce In an increasingly digitized world, adaptation is necessary, if not for getting ahead of the competition, for survival. The business world is becoming more cutthroat than ever, and industries are becoming more aggressive in their approach to earning profit and make businesses grow. They are also not averse to investing money towards the hunt for new technology or service that they can use to achieve this.Local merchants and retailers are especially keen on finding tools that will help them grow their business and their profit. Therefore, they see that their marketing programs and sales strategies are designed to generate leads and sales. The internet certainly figures greatly in almost all business plans, and this should not come as a surprise, really. After all, it is a fact that if you want to get ahead, you have to be “connected”. Combining local commerce with online commerce (also known as e-commerce) will certainly accomplish that. © Shutterstock.com | Achmad Fahmi RosyadIn this article, I will explore 1) what local commerce is, 2) the evolution of local commerce, 3) current and future trends in local commerce, and 4) some successful local commerce businesses.WHAT IS LOCAL COMMERCE?There are several misconceptions and confusions as to what local commerce is.Local commerce involves a buyer ordering a product from a seller, and the seller delivering the product to the buyer from the closest location. This effectively reduces the time and the cost of logistics involved and also establishes a certain level of trust between the two parties. This largely arises from the fact that the buyer is making his purchase from a nearby, or local, merchant or retailer.Local commerce also refers to the use of web and mobile technologies in order to make purchases from local merchants. Consumers will use these technologies in order to look for the products they want or need, interact with the local merchants to order the product s, and have the products delivered to them.Local Commerce vs. E-CommerceConfusion is still rampant when these two â€" local commerce and e-commerce â€" are mentioned. Some say they are one and the same; others argue that they are two completely different types of commerce.The conventional view on local commerce involved the actions of buying and selling being performed in person, where the buyer and the seller are in one place at the same time. The interaction takes place with the two parties being face to face.E-commerce, on the other hand, was set up on the premise that sellers can offer their wares or goods and buyers can purchase them, even if they are literally worlds apart. Anyone can order and buy anything, regardless of where they are located. Quite possibly the most recognizable name in e-commerce is Amazon, where a student in India may purchase a book in Alaska. The physical location of the goods will not matter; buyers can place their order from the comfort of their own h omes. The buyer and the seller do not even have to know how the other looks like in order to complete a transaction.Basically, the main difference between the two is the proximity of the buyer and seller. In other areas, they are somewhat similar.Today, although e-commerce businesses are not brick and mortar stores, they do maintain physical structures to warehouse the goods that they will deliver to buyers. In the same way, local commerce is now largely facilitated by the internet, which is seen as a feature of e-commerce. In the past, local commerce was seen as a strictly offline operation while e-commerce is purely online. Now, that is no longer the case, since e-commerce also has offline operations.Still, what sets the two apart is proximity. In local commerce, the fulfillment of orders is done locally, although payment and ordering take place online. E-commerce, on the other hand, allows order fulfillment to be other than local.The next question would be: which is bigger, local commerce or e-commerce?As much as the world is now recognizing the great number of people making their purchases online, studies show that, as of 2013, in the United States, e-commerce only holds 5% of the retail market. The other 95% is still occupied by brick and mortar stores. In this context, local commerce still falls under the brick and mortar category.THE EVOLUTION OF LOCAL COMMERCEToday, local commerce is most commonly characterized by the use of any online or mobile tool, service or technology by local merchants and consumers. But that is not how it has always been.It is quite interesting to see how the local marketplace has evolved throughout the centuries. It certainly has come a long way from the agora, or the open-air, often tented, marketplaces where merchants and craftsmen set up shops to sell their goods and wares. Here, retailers, traders, and middlemen interact and sell their products to all the buyers that purposely head to the agora to check out what are on offe r.During ancient times, camels and carts characterized marketplaces. Then came the introduction of the bazaar, which is a permanent enclosed merchandising area where goods are services are sold or exchanged. Retail stores then began being set up, as retailers found more stability in the permanence of space for their goods and services. Today, online stores are now becoming the new trend in local commerce.In order to fully appreciate how local commerce has evolved, let us take a look at some of the things that local commerce has made possible.Paperless transactions are enabled, thanks to paperless technology. Yellow pages are now used mainly to light up the fireplace, and telephone companies are now cutting back on their printed telephone directories. Direct-mail companies are also dropping off one by one as there no longer seems to be much of a demand for their services.Cashless transactions are becoming the norm. In the past, before leaving home, you would have to check if you have enough cash to tide you over for the entire day. Today, all you are probably going to need are a few notes, a card, and your mobile device. In fact, you can definitely get through the day using just your mobile device, paying for local products and services by tapping or waving your smartphone.Increase in revenues and the number of customers. This is a good reason why local commerce is encouraged among small businesses. There is a noticeable growth in sales as well as the number of buying customers. The convenience that local commerce offers is the main reason why more and more people are opting to make their purchases the “mobile way”.The increase in revenues and sales will also be attributed to the fact that businesses are able to open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. That means that buyers who shop even in the middle of the night will be able to do so, instead of waiting for the brick-and-mortar store to open. Since payments are also made through a cashless system, collecting payments will be relatively easier for businesses. Transactions are processed almost instantly, since payments get through immediately, instead of having to deal with waiting times for payments to clear through the banks.CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN LOCAL COMMERCECommerce is constantly evolving, and if history has taught us anything, it is that things will always change. It is up to us to adapt to these changes and make them work.We are currently enjoying the many benefits of local commerce, and it is also mostly assured that this will continue long into the future. Let us take a look at the current trends in local commerce that we are presently enjoying, and the trends that will shape its future.Centralization of marketplacesShopping can be hard work. You would probably have to devote an entire day for shopping for a single set of outfit, considering the amount of walking you will have to do from one store to another. If you are a stickler for details, you’d probably have to map the whole shopping expedition beforehand. Which store should you visit first? What shop will you check out for your shoes? Which shop for a pair of jeans? And since you are going to be walking for hours on end, you’d probably have to decide on which footwear will be most comfortable for walking.But there is now an alternative. While still wearing your pajamas, you can remain curled up in bed, turn on your mobile device, laptop or desktop, and view millions of products, without stepping foot out the door.In the future, expect to see not only product-based marketplaces. Service providers are also making their offers to consumers online, but soon, we might expect large-scale service-based marketplaces. Through these marketplaces, you can get access to a wide variety of services and service providers, from cleaners and plumbers, event planners, and travel planners, to builders and carpenters. Do not be surprised if you will also see lawyers, financial consultants, and insurance agents offering their services in a single online marketplace.More convenient toolsIn the past, when you want to find out where to get plumbing services, you’d have to pore over the yellow pages, and you are also likely to end up with an unreliable service provider on your first try. Today, all you have to do is whip out your location-enabled smartphone and key in a few keywords. You can also look up reviews about the service provider to get a small degree of assurance that you will get quality for your money.Payment of purchases also meant sellers having to see cash registers and punch cards. Thanks to technological inventions and innovations, there are now devices and gadgets for these types of transactions.As the local commerce scene is becoming increasingly mobile, convenience is becoming the name of the game. Just by tapping on your mobile phone, you can browse shops, place orders and make payments for your purchases. Again, all without having to step inside the store.Improved shop ping experienceGo online and you will find many consumers sharing their experience as they avail of products of services in the local marketplace. Exactly how powerful is this “sharable experience” approach? It is so powerful that a single negative review can lose a restaurant a day’s worth of customers. One disgruntled customer can cause a store to lose thousands of dollars in its merchandise.One of the features that many buyers appreciate about local commerce is “same-day delivery”. Even “next day delivery” is already a good thing, compared to past experience of having to wait for days and even weeks for the items ordered to arrive at their doorstep. This makes even food delivery feasible online.Online shopping has succeeded in making the buying experience seamless and making it more personalized. For the part of the seller, they will also be able to track business statistics better, since the use of technology makes information gathering easier and faster.And there is the matter of transactions being settled without using cash outright. Right now, it is probably quite difficult to imagine a completely zero-cash society. However, let us not rule that out completely. If the leaps and bounds being taken by local commerce are any indication, that scenario might not be too far off in the future.Business structures becoming more flexibleIn an attempt to adapt to changes brought on by local commerce innovations, retailers will have to be more flexible. They would have to be more receptive to partnering with other retailers and service providers in order to fulfill or meet orders. The most common example of a collaborative relationship is the one that retailers have with delivery companies.Stores will also find themselves having to work together and forging connections that will spell new and better shopping experiences for both buyers and sellers alike.Retailers will be more open to taking on more roles than originally intended. For example, it is po ssible for retailers to become supply sources. This is possible when they are the ones that reroute the order to the area where the customer is located and, from there, a local business will deliver the product to the buyer.Physical retailers take on the role of showroomsBrick-and-mortar stores will now be transformed into showrooms, where consumers will be able to browse and scan items that will be ordered via online or mobile, and will be delivered to them the next day.Local businesses will start adopting self-service and location-based approachesBusinesses will now make use of location-based and deals-on-demand visions in their operations. This is most commonly seen in couponing or direct marketing platforms. For example, by being part of Groupon Now, a local pizza place can now promote its pizza in its location, and it will also be able to offer a 50% discount on any pizza still available after 4 in the afternoon to walk-in customers.SOME SUCCESSFUL LOCAL COMMERCE BUSINESSESIt i s time to take a look at a couple of actual local commerce businesses that have gained success.UberFor many, Uber is already a household name, founded in 1999 as a transportation network company. Through their Uber app, consumers can use their smartphones to submit a trip request. This request will be routed to Uber drivers who, using their own cars, will arrive at the location of the customer, to fulfill the details of the trip request. So how successful is Uber, you ask? Currently, Uber is operating in 58 countries and more than 300 cities all over the world. As of June 2015, it is estimated to have a net worth of $50 billion.With this mobile dispatch service, it takes only one tap to get a ride within minutes. Upon placing a request, an estimated pick up time will be provided, as well as the details of the Uber driver assigned to pick you up. Pricing is clearly indicated, and payment is done through your smartphone. This cashless element to this service further adds to the conven ience.Much of the success of Uber is credited to the wide range of choices of rides that are available to customers. From an uberX vehicle to a taxi to the more high-end luxury cars, customers can take their pick. Uber also manages to address the very issues that the riding public always encounters. In short, it acts as a decisive and quick problem solver for riders and commuters.ZeelHealthcare providers have also gone the local commerce way, and a good example is Zeel, which provides “same-day, in-home massages with the best licensed therapists”. Users can now have Zeel Massage On Demand delivered to their doorstep. Zeel’s services are available in the New York City Metropolitan area, and parts of Florida and California.So how does Zeel work? Customers will have to book directly on Zeel’s website, or through their smartphone. Once the booking has been made and the details ironed out, a Zeel Massage Therapist (ZMT) will arrive at the home of the customer, or any location suc h as office or hotel, in as little as an hour.Zeel’s service has cut the need of people wanting to have a massage to take some time off their work, book a session in a spa or massage clinic, and drive all the way across the city to have the session. Zeel will get the booking request and the location of the customer, and have one of their Zeel Massage Therapists in the customer area come to the exact location.Another reason for the success of Zeel is how they uphold the quality of their service by maintaining a pool of handpicked ZMTs who are fully licensed, background-checked and experienced in massage therapy.

The Interconnection of the Three Es Economy, Energy and...

The interconnection of the three E’s: Economy, Energy and Environment (3) The relationship between the three EEE’s; Economy, Energy and Environment The purpose of the following blog post is to introduce the reader to the relationship between our global Economy, the Energy that we produce and the Environment we are part of, also known as the three Es. My goal is to give my readers a better understanding of the connections these three different areas have and how they relate to one another. Furthermore I would like to enable readers to comprehend the increasing challenges all three E’s are facing, and the implications these may have on our future. What are the three E’s and what do they consist of? At first, thinking of similarities†¦show more content†¦[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msTW7D_rSm4] Who is Dr. Chris Martenson, and is he a reliable person to be talking on this matter? Dr. Chris Martenson, is a person who has worked with huge passion on corporate finance and strategic consulting. He has a PhD in Pathology from Duke University as well as an MBA from Cornell University. Moreover, he is the creator of the so called Crash Course, an online video course that educates viewers on our broken economic system, the crisis of population demographics, and Peak Oil. (2) Hence, given his respectable academic path and his numerous achievements, I believe Chris Martenson to be a very reliable source. Add to all this, his extensive research and his experience, I think he is a creditable authority that can enable us to attain a more well-rounded and global perspective on the world and life around us. The ‘Crash Course’ and what it is about During Chris Martenson’s video presentation â€Å"Crash Course†, about the interconnection of the three E’s, it becomes clear that each component is directly related to the other two components. Basically, in the above mentioned videos, Chris Martenson describes the interrelationship between the three Es. In the beginning, he proposes the idea that there is actually a connection between seemingly unrelated events, suchShow MoreRelatedSustainable Solutions Paper wk 7 draft16370 Words   |  66 Pagesthat â€Å"more than 4.6 million [tons] of e-waste ended up in landfills in the United States in 2000. Toxic chemicals in electronics products can leach into the land over time or are released into the atmosphere, impacting nearby communities and the environment† (Greenpeace International, 2010, para 2). One of the biggest contributors to toxic waste is computer manufacturers and of the many that exist, Dell Computers is one of the most successful. Most of the computers manufactured today rely heavily

Chemotherapy Induced Heart Failure - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 325 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Failure Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: Chemotherapy is group of cytotoxic drugs able to kill neoplastic cells[1]. These drugs induce rapid apoptosis, deprivation of growth and suppression of angiogenesis, or a concession in capacity of repairing [2]. They act through disrupting cell division by preventing DNA formation[3]. So, the use of such chemicals is very essential for treating the patients affected with malignant tumors. However, most types of chemotherapeutics target all rapidly dividing cells and are not specific to neoplastic cells[4]. This fact makes chemotherapy toxic to many non targeted organs [5]. Toxicity of heart is one of the worth side effects of cancer treatment, leading to a raise of deaths [6, 7]. Cardiac complications may appear in early phase or late during the course of the disease, and may vary from subclinical myocardial insufficiency to irrevocable heart failure or even causes death[8]. Therefore, the approach now is towards the detection of the highly susceptible patients and provides a method to maximize the benefit of chemotherapeutics usage while minimizing their worth effects or to find another more safe ways to deal with malignant cells [8, 9]. The present summary exposes the existing view of cardiac complications involved in chemotherapeutic usage along with the recent developments in the area. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Chemotherapy Induced Heart Failure" essay for you Create order Definition of cardiotoxicity Cardiotoxicity has been described by the National Cancer Institute as the toxicity which affects the heart [10]. However, cardiotoxicity has been defined as a decline in ejection fraction of left ventricle [11, 12]. However, there is not yet a clear definition which describes cardiotoxicity that can be applied to all cancer types[12]. Factors affectingthe cardiotoxicity of chemotherapy: Several studies illustrated that the type of cancer treating agent plays the major role in toxicity pattern [13-15]. Also, dosage of the drug detects the degree of cardiotoxicity [14]. Additionally, the use of drug combinations can be an effective factor. Patient related factors: such as age, as well as treatment related factors including radiotherapy were found to have a main responsibility in the final cardiac monitoring results [16, 17]. Older age (65 years) and young (

India the Unfortunate Correlation Between Poverty and Environmental Issues Free Essays

India: The Unfortunate Correlation Between Poverty and Environmental Issues India makes up 2. 4 percent of the world’s land, while supporting an increasing 18 percent of the world population (D. Nagdeve, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on India: the Unfortunate Correlation Between Poverty and Environmental Issues or any similar topic only for you Order Now India is considered to be one of the major developing countries, continuously growing its reputation in the global economy. However, since the Independence of India, the issue of poverty has remained a vital concern. As of last year, more than 37% of India’s population, of a totaled 1. 35 billion people, are still living below the poverty line (Economy Watch, 2010). Although there are individuals and corporations in upper-class India that are growing prosperous, there is an unfairness to those living in severe poverty suffering the environmental damage that country leaders are dismissing. As those living in poverty put pressure against the environment and vice versa; there is an evident strong correlation between poverty and environmental issues. The astounding increase in population is one of the main reasons for poverty and environmental struggles in India, along with the neglect for efficient pollution controls, and unequal distribution of farmland (B. Ruck, 2006). The high death rates in India due to unfortunate diseases, lack of health care and security in old age, leads to Indians having more children (B. Ruck, 2006). More than half of the world’s malnourished and under-weight children are located in South Asia. In these South Asian countries there is a double burden of disease and poverty, creating an endless vicious circle of high disease levels, low productivity and high poverty and death rates. An example, of a terrible disease very present in India is malaria as it is one of the most prevalent public health problems that the country is facing perennially (V. Sharma, 2003). Poverty and malaria responsively are two interwoven elements as this disease is predominantly the disease of the poor. The real poor cannot afford private treatment and therefore must resort to self-medication, usually by the usage of traditional medications, at their own peril (V. Sharma, 2003). For a country boasting about its growth rate, the fact that 53% of children in India under the age of five years live without basic healthcare facilities is shameful. This adds up to 67 million Indian children living in a risk of survival for their first few years. Poor children are three times more likely to die before their fifth irthday, while over 1 million children in India die in their first month of life annually (K. Sinha, 2008). These saddening statistics just verify that India’s health care system is doing little to nothing to care for India’s poor population. India’s high death rates, specifically for those living in poverty without health care access, leads t o families trying to conceive as many children possible in hopes of more survival. For these health reasons and cultural reasons there are many large families across India. The growth in population is resulting in an increased pressure on natural resources, from water to forests (WWF, 2003). Environmentalists worldwide, especially from richer nations, have raised concerns about the increasing populations placing excessive strains on the world’s scarce resources (A. Shah, 2005). A recent article from The Economist explains that India’s rapid industrialization, is a troublesome thought for residents, specifically those living in poverty. By the year 2020, according to the World Bank, India’s water, air, soil and forest resources will be under more human pressure than those of any other country (The Economist, 2008). Rapid population growth and poverty in a country, in this case India, is adversely affecting the environment in a devastating manner. Recently, the global population reached 7 billion human beings, all with rising levels of consumption per capita, quickly depleting natural resources and degrading the environment (A. Shah, 2005). In India, the increase of population combines with the distressed poverty to create an immense pressure on all of the country’s natural resources (D. Nagdeve, 2006). India’s economy is in high gear, leaving an immense and unfortunate trail of pollution, severely impacting not only India, but also the rest of the world (WWF, 2003). There are various types of pollution that affect India’s environment including sound pollution, waste and water pollution, and air pollution. Unwanted sounds from the natural environment; wind, volcanoes, oceans, and animal sounds, are more tolerable than man-made noises from machines, automobiles, trains, planes, explosives and firecrackers. Mumbai is rated the third noisiest city in the world, with New Delhi following closely behind. It is now increasingly understood that pollution from noise is an important component of air pollution. Noise not only causes irritation and annoyance but also constricts the arteries, and increases the flow of adrenaline forcing the heart to work faster. Continuous noise causes an increase in the cholesterol level resulting in permanent constriction of blood vessels, making humans more prone to heart attacks and strokes (P. Mitra, 2007). Perceptibly, the effects of water pollution are not only devastating to people but also to animals, fish and birds as the water is unsuitable for drinking, recreation, and the agricultural industry. Waste and water pollution diminishes the aesthetic quality of lakes and rivers while contaminating aquatic life, reducing reproductive ability (P. Mitra, 2007). Moving up the food chain, the hazard continues to negatively affect human health, supporting the notion that it is greatly challenging to escape the effects of water pollution. It is evident that there is an issue of air and water pollution in many Indian states, including Delhi. With the disturbing gray skies, Delhi’s air has been considered deadly to breathe. A third of Delhi residents are affected with chronic breathing ailments while one out of six children suffer lead induced mental retardation (South Asian Voice, 2000). The poor are first to suffer the effects of air and water pollution. The rich can minimize their exposure to the air-borne toxics by driving air-conditioned cars while those with lower incomes must travel by feet, bicycles or public transit, unfortunately finding themselves in a situation where they cannot escape the detrimental effects. In previous instances the Supreme Court ruled that certain polluting industries should be relocated out of Delhi into less well-known places like Ghaziabad, Meerut or Rohtak (South Asian Voice, 2000). This proposes that the healths of those who reside in more poverty are less important than those in the nation’s capital. The 2011 survey taken by the Pew Research Centre, presented results that 79% of Indians distinctly considered pollution a â€Å"very big problem† (The Economist, 2008). Of the Indian rural population, more than 22% live in settings with existing physical and financial predicaments in addition to the 15% living in poverty within urban India (Economy Watch, 2010). Throughout the world, including India, the poorest people are increasingly clustered in remote and ecologically fragile areas (B. Ruck, 2006). Agriculture contributes to 21% of India’s Gross Domestic Product; its importance within the country’s economic, social, and political standards are highly significant (World Bank Group, 2011). The rural population in India depends on agriculture where the weather phenomenon plays a major role on the rural economy. In the past years there have been severe droughts, affecting the economy as crops were destroyed being an identifiable catastrophe for may cultivators. In many states of India including Assam, West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa there are annual floods, which also hamper the growth of crops and farmlands (D. Talukdar, 2010). In rural districts, the best land tends to be taken over by the wealthiest of farmers, who can afford modern technology to maintain and grow crops on the larger areas of land. This inopportunely leaves poor people pressured to occupy and exploit more fragile lands including hillsides, forests and arid areas (D. Pimentel et al, 2004). It is an identifiable struggle to grow decent crops on these marginal areas of land, resulting in increased poverty for those already suffering financially while creating an augmented pressure on over-exploited lands (B. Ruck, 2006). About half of India’s land is affected by soil erosion meaning that India’s soil is naturally removed by the action of water or wind roughly at the same rate as soil is formed. The country proceeds with irrigation, bringing water to the land in a variety of artificial means, which is leading to desertification of once fertile land. A result of desertification is deforestation; taking a toll of 400 million people who depend on non-timber produce (V. Sharma, 2003). Further actions which should be implemented powerfully into India’s lifestyles is improving supplies of clean water; to reduce time spent gathering unclean water while also reducing the illnesses caused by these foul water supplies (World Poverty, 2011). By improving the supply of accessible, affordable health care information and services, the country can reduce the vulnerability of diseases within poverty stricken areas while also improving the state of India’s natural environment. Furthermore, improving the training and equipment of farmers would be beneficial to those living in India, as this would help increase crop yields and conserve the environment (World Poverty, 2011). Poverty can be recognized as both the cause and effect of environment degradation. As India’s population and economy continues to substantially grow, the country’s need to find effective solutions becomes significantly more urgent each day. The strong correlation between poverty and environmental issues is expanding as both continue to put pressure against each other. The aspirations of more than one billion people; suffering through poverty and environmental struggles, must be recognized and relieved. References â€Å"Agriculture – India: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development. † World Bank Group. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Nov. 2011. http://web. orldbank. org. html. Bass, Stephen. Reducing poverty and sustaining the environment the politics of local engagement. London, Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2005. Print. Bhattacharya, Haimanti, and Robert Innes. â€Å"Is There a Nexus between Poverty and Environment in Rural India?. † AgEcon Search: Item 21201. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Nov. 2011. http://purl. umn. edu/21201. Economy Watch Cont ent. â€Å"Poverty in India . † Economy Watch. N. p. , 4 Apr. 2010. Web. 30 Oct. 2011. www. economywatch. com/indianeconomy. Foundation for Sustainable Development. Environmental Issues in India | Foundation for Sustainable Development. † Welcome to FSD | Foundation for Sustainable Development. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Nov. 2011. http://www. fsdinternational. org/ntlopps/country/india/environment. Gadgil, Madhav, and Ramachandra Guha. â€Å"Development and Change. † Ecological Conflicts and the Environmental Movement in India. Online: The Hague, 1994. 101 – 136. Print. Nagdeve, D. A.. â€Å"IIPS-Envis Center on Environment and Population. † IIPS-Envis Center on Population and Environment. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Nov. 2011. http://www. ipsenvis. nic. in/Newsletters/vol3no3/DANagdave. htm. Pimentel, David, Bonnie Berger, and David Filiberto. Water Resources: Agricultural and Environmental Issues. California: BioScience, 2004. Print. Ruck, Barbara . â€Å"Po verty and the Environment. † World Vision. N. p. , n. d. Web. 29 Oct. 2011. https://worldvision. org. nz/PDF/resources/Poverty_and_the_Environment. pdf. Shah, Anup. â€Å"Poverty and the Environment aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Global Issues. † Global Issues : social, political, economic and environmental issues that affect us all aâ‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  Global Issues. N. p. , n. . Web. 1 Nov. 2011. http://www. globalissues. org/article/425/poverty-and-the-environment. Sharma, V. â€Å"Malaria and poverty in India. † Current Science 84. 4 (2003): 513 – 515. Print. Sinha, Kounteya. â€Å"53% Indian kids under 5 lack healthcare – Times Of India. † The Times Of India. N. p. , 8 May 2008. Web. 6 Nov. 2011. http://articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/2008-05-08/india/27762755_1_india-ranks-healthcare-diarrhoea-and-pneumonia. â€Å"Solutions to World Poverty. † World Poverty. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 Nov. 2011. http://world-poverty. rg/solutionstopoverty. aspx. à ¢â‚¬Å"Solutions to World Poverty. † World Poverty. N. p. , n. d. Web. 2 Nov. 2011. http://world-poverty. org/solutionstopoverty. aspx. South Asian Voice . â€Å"Problems of Indian Development: Environmental Issues, Preserving the Environment, Ending Poverty. † South Asian Voice . N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Oct. 2011. india_resource. tripod. com/environ. html. Talukdar, Diganta. â€Å"Poverty and Health: Major challenges for India. † Citizen Journalism News Platform – merinews. N. p. , 22 July 2010. Web. 6 Nov. 2011. How to cite India: the Unfortunate Correlation Between Poverty and Environmental Issues, Papers

AUSCHWITZ THE NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMP Essay Example For Students

AUSCHWITZ THE NAZI CONCENTRATION CAMP Essay Title of Paper : Auschwitz the Nazi Concentration CampGrade Received on Report : 100Located thirty-seven miles west of Krakow, Auschwitz was the camp where Jewish people were killed and worked. This camp , out of all the rest tortured the most people. At the camp there was a place called the Black Wall, this was where the people were executed . In March of 1941, there was another camp that started to be built. This second camp was called Auschwitz II, or Birkinau. It was located 1.9 miles away from Auschwitz I. People that were chosen to come to these camps were expelled from their homes. Their houses were destroyed for the purpose of building Birkinau. Birkinau had nine sub-units. They were separated from each other by electrically charged fences that lines their borders. In August 1942, the womens section at Auscwitz I was moved to Birkinau. Nine hundred and ninety-nine women from Ravensbruck camp and other women from different camps joined them also. Birkinau now had over 6,000 women prisoners being held. In the town Monowitz, another camp w!as being built. This camp was called Auschwitz III, or Buna-Monowitz. Other camps that were located close to Monowitz were moved to Buna-Monowitz. The population of Birknau was the most densly populated out of all the camps. It also had the most cruel and bad conditions of all the camps in the complex. The prisoners at Birkinau mostly consisted of Jews, Poles , and Germans. There were a number of Gypsy and Czech Jew family camps located at Birkinau for a period of time also. In Birkinau, the gas chambers and the oven, where the bodies were burned operated at Auschwitz I. Birkinau and all the other sub-camps were mostly forced labor camps. The most recognized of the labor camps are, Budy, Czechowitz, Glenwitz, Rajsko, and Furstenarube. The prisoners here were worked to the point of death. Trains transported people to the camps, and violently forced them off the train. All of the peoples property was left on the train also. They prisoners were sent into two different!lines, one for women and the other for men. The lines moved into the place were a procedure called Selection took place. The ones who could work were not killed at this time, but the women, children, and others that couldnt work were gassed. The prisoners that were to work, had their clothes taken, heads shaved, got sterilized, and were given black and white striped clothes to wear. In the forced labor camps, the average life time was only a few months. Some of the prisoners that couldnt react or move became what was known as Muselmann. A dreaded part of camps was the Appeal, or roll call. In this, prisoners were sent out into the cold night after a hard day of work, and lined up. Anyone that fell to the ground was shot or gassed. One more of all the bad work chores was the Sonderkommando. Dong this meant that you burned the bodies of the dead prisoners in the creamatoria. Tattoos were given to the prisoners on their right arm as an easier way of registration. !Not all of the earlier prisoners had this tattoo, but the regiterd number of prisoners was 405,000. The daily routine in the complex differed in each camp, but the basic routine was the same. They: woke at dawn, cleaned their areas, morning roll call was taken, they walked to the work site, worked for long hours, had to wait in lines for food, then walked bback to their bunks, block inspection was done, and then evening roll call was taken. There were also people who got picked for medical experiments. .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a , .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a .postImageUrl , .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a , .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a:hover , .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a:visited , .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a:active { border:0!important; } .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a:active , .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u880635fa0cfbfa16181b48e320cdbb5a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Picture Of Dorian Grey Essay The best known docter at Auschwitz was Josef Mengele. His experiments were mostly done on twins and dwarfs. He did lots of things that had to do with seeing how ling it would take a person to die if you do this or that. He also did experiments that had to do with cutting off body parts, and reattaaching them to different parts of the body. By January 20th, 1944, the population of the Aushwitz complex had reached 80,839. That

Run Lola Run free essay sample

The 1998 film ‘Run Lola Run’ directed by Tom Tykwer uses visual techniques to convey messages to the audience and involve the audience in the experiences that the images create. The use of a variety of techniques create distinctively visual images that are both memorable and unique, they feature visuals that are highly distinctive. With the use of techniques including symbolism, characterisation, animation and camera techniques, Tykwer explores and conveys ideas about the nature of love, subjectivity and inescapabilty of time and the absurdity of chance events.Tykwer portrays the distinctively visual images of Lola running, the red filter scenes, animated sequences and the split screens. ‘The Highwayman’ by Alfred Noyes, also utilizes distinctively visual imagery in the areas of setting, symbolism and characterisation to explore similar ideas about love and fate. Tykwer’s post-modern film is both important and influential that is remarkable for its use of a variety of innovative techniques, such as a non-linear narrative and a combination of animation ad traditional film styles. We will write a custom essay sample on Run Lola Run or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The distinctively visual image of Lola running is formed through the use of characterisation and camera shots. The image of Lola running sticks with the audience and reoccurs throughout the entire film. Lola’s red hair and youthful, urban dress illustrates a unique character. Her red hair symbolises the passion she lives with, her pants and shoes look industrial, suggesting she is resilient and strong. Her belly and tattoo being exposed indicates a carefree confidence. The tracking shot engages the audience in scenes of Lola running, it creates a sense of speed and urgency.The camera tracks in various angles, often mid-shot and side-on, this particular shot type enables the audience to be â€Å"carried along† by Lola’s momentum, thus, feeling the energy and determinism of Lola. Tykwer often cuts to close-ups of Lola’s face while she is running; shot from front-on, doing so shows Lola’s determined expression. An example of this is seen in the first run when Lola runs across the train bridge. With the use of characterisation Alfred Noyes creates a very distinctive character in ‘The Highwayman’. The Highwayman wears a â€Å"French cocked hat†, a â€Å"claret velvet coat†, â€Å"perfect fitted breeches† and rides â€Å"with a jeweled twinkle†. This characterisation of the Highwayman creates an image of a romantic hero which is both unique and distinctively visual. The red filter scenes contrast so greatly with the rest of the film making them distinctively visual. The techniques used during the red filter scenes also result in a distinctively visual image. Tykwer uses medium-close ups, symbolism and bathes the setting in red light.The majority of the scenes are made up of medium-close ups; the use of these shots assists the audience in determining the characters’ feelings and emotions. For example Manni’s frustration in the first red filter scene. A red filter is used by Tykwer in the two scenes to create a red light on both Lola and Manni. The red colouring connotes the love and passion, binding the two characters together. The red also symbolises the danger present in their relationship through the involvement in the criminal world. Colours can be used to evoke certain feelings and emotions.Throughout the poem Noyes refers to the colour red. The colour red often connotes love and danger. In regards to the poem the colours red connotes love the love between the Highwayman and Bess, portrayed in the line â€Å"plaiting a dark red love-knot into her long black hair†. Red also represents the danger of King George’s men, â€Å"the redcoat troops came marching†. With the use of symbolism Noyes creates distinctively visual elements throughout the poem by relating the colour red to certain experiences or emotions.Noyes employs the use of metaphors to create mental images and set moods or atmospheres. In the opening stanza of ‘The Highwayman’ Noyes’s use of metaphors introduce the setting of the poem. It creates an omnious and foreboding atmosphere. The use of the metaphor: â€Å"the wind was a torrent of darkness† as the opening line provides an intense beginning to the poem and a distinctive mental image. The three animated scenes contrast so greatly with the rest of the film, the fact that they are animated makes them unique, and thus distinctively visual. The animated sequences emphasise the theme of chance as they cause the audience to focus more on the variances between the three runs. All three of the animated scenes have Lola running down what looks like a never ending spiral staircase, the spiral representing time and confusion. The spiral images reoccur throughout the entire film constantly reminded the audience of the idea of chance and time. The part that varies in each animated scene is the encounter with the â€Å"hoodlum† with his dog. Each encounter with the hoodlum gives the audience a hint of upcoming events.Tykwer’s use of animation and foreshadowing creates distinctive scenes that catch the audience’s attention. In the scene of the split screens including Manni, Lola and the clock, Tykwer uses slow motion mid-shots and soundtrack to create a scene that depicts the ideas of both the nature of love and the inescapability of time. Manni and Lola share the split screen, Manni looks to his left and Lola runs from the right to left. This illustrates the love between the couple and the dedication Lola has for Manni – here Tykwer invites the audience to consider the nature of love.An image of the clock appears at the bottom of the screen. This involves the idea of time, bringing it to the forefront. It plays the role of a third character in the film. We are never allowed to forget the relentless pressure of time that Lola and Manni face. Bringing the three main elements together in one screen helps increase tension. The scene builds to a climax as the audience see that their joint dedication has almost brought them together physically, however they are still controlled despite their devotion and energy by time.Tykwer conveys the nature of love, the absurdity of chance events and the subjectivity and inescapability of time through a number of distinctively visual scenes. He uses a variety of techniques to create unique scenes of Lola running, the red filtered scenes and the animated sequence. The use of these techniques engages the audience with the film and conveys the messages Tykwer aims to deliver. ‘The Highwayman’ by Alfred Noyes, also utilizes distinctively visual imagery in the areas of setting, symbolism and characterisation to explore similar ideas about love and fate.

Lead Time Management in Garment Sector Essay Example

Lead Time Management in Garment Sector Essay Example Lead Time Management in Garment Sector Essay Lead Time Management in Garment Sector Essay 2000). Lead-time typically includes two components: Information lead times (i. e. , the time it takes to process an order) and Order lead times (i. e. , the time it takes to produce and ship the item). Information lead time can be reduced by using very sophisticated and modern communication system while Order lead time can be reduced through efficient supply chain management (Simchi-Levi, David, 2000) A researcher named Marc Smith explained lead time in two ways (www. lsmar. com, 2004). First, Customer lead time, which refers to the time span between customer ordering and customer receipt. Second, Manufacturing lead time, which refers to the time span from material availability at the first processing operation to completion at the last operation. In his paper Marc Smith developed theories for the reduction of lead time in the equipment manufacturing company specially in vehicle manufacturing company. It is also applicable to the RMG sector. In the lead time reduction process, Lead Time Management in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: An Avenues for Survival and Growth 20 identifying the beginning of the process and walking through the process is very important. In the RMG sector after order confirmation the process begins by sending information to the suppliers for raw materials (fabrics + accessories) and the process run through shipment of final product and received by the buyers. The whole of this process is comprised of the following steps order submission, scheduling sequencing, manufacturing and distribution. A manufacturer may be able to reduce lead time by taking some strategic measures in all of these four stages. From the above theory it is clear that the total lead time is customer lead time. Therefore we can write that; Customer lead time = [{Information lead time} + {Order lead time}] Total lead time = [{Information lead time} + {(manufacturing lead time) + (shipping time for import fabrics) + (Shipping time for export final product)} (Note that, Shipping time for import includes shipping time, unloading time and transport time from port to manufacturing point. Shipping time for export includes manufacturing time for final products and shipping time for export) Objective of the study The purpose of the present study is about analysing the present situation specially of the lead time management in the present business process of RMG export from Bangladesh. In view of the above purpose the specific objective of the study is to focus on reducing the lead time in relation to the business process and supply chain management. However the objectives of this study are; 1) To analyse the order lead time management process and 2) To develop a new business process to minimization of lead time Research Methodology The study is based absolutely on primary data. The primary data have been collected through free discussion and interviews with the key personnel of different company. Primary data have been collected from 50 Bangladeshi RMG units including 5 leading garment factories of Dhaka City on the basis of structured questionnaire designed in the light of the objective of the study. In this study the sample units have been selected randomly but 5 leading factories purposively. Interviews have been taken from Managing Directors, Managers and other officials of the merchandise department. Secondary data were also collected from some reports, articles, various stuffs that were provided by the companies. Collected literature, data and information have been analyzed in line with the objectives of the study. In this study conceptually developed some model, Lead time measurement equation have been used. As a real example, business process of a sample company has been discussed with the lead time measurement equation. Qualitative research method and various statistical tools like averages, percentages, growth rate etc. have been used in this study to interpret and analyze the collected data in the descriptive way. Findings and Analysis The RMG industry of Bangladesh still plays the role of tailor in the garments business. The required fabrics and limited accessories till now come from abroad. The industry is heavily dependent on imports and had to spend about 55-75 days to import fabrics from abroad (Nuruzzaman, 2007). This backdrop is the main reason for long lead time. Bangladesh garment export in volume is increasing @ 15-20 percent for the last 20 years, whereas Bangladesh RMG are depending only on Chittagong port (Nuruzzaman, 2007). The facilities of Chittagong port have not increased at the same rate. The containers kept stuck up in the port and 621 Nuruzzaman and Ahasanul Haque many containers remain jammed for 15-20 days, which is required to be released within three days. If the raw materials remain idle in the container at Chittagong port for 10-15 days, the garment industry would definitely face a serious negative impact (Kutubuddin Ahmed, 2002). According to an estimate, it takes about four days for goods to reach Chittagong from Singapore. But in a very sharp contrast, it takes about 18 to 19 days or nearly three weeks on average for the same goods to travel to the inland container depot (ICD) at Kamalapur in Dhaka. Besides the dilatory and cumbersome customs procedure and port operations also significantly delay the movement or release of goods. In Chittagong port it takes about 6 days to unload goods from a ship whereas for the same goods it takes just few hours in Singapore (M. Taheruddin,2004). About port management Mr. Anisul Haque, MD of Mohammadi group and former president of BGMEA stated,â€Å" Unfortunately we are spending 15-20 days to receive our fabrics from sea port to our factory and it is playing the main role to increase lead time†. Again to find out the probable causes of long lead time and for the empirical analysis 50 firms including 5 leading garments units have been chosen to collect primary data. They mentioned many causes behind this problem when interviews were taken but in the interview 100% i. e. f the 36 number respondents (Though 50 firms were chosen but 36 firms were interviewed successfully) put their comment on import dependency as a most important cause for increased lead time. Then 91. 66% i. e. 33 respondents on CBW, 75% i. e. 27 respondents on inefficient port management, 69. 44% i. e. 25 respondents on poor infrastructure and 41. 66% i. e. 15 respondents on communication system respectively. The same causes were ident ified in our analysis based on secondary data. This fact enhances the credibility of our findings. At the time of interview, the Managing Director of A. K. J. Fashions limited divided the lead time into three stages as it is illustrated in fig. -3. First stage, from P-Q (Fabrics suppliers – Sea port) the approximate lead time for the first stage is 40-55 days including the manufacturing time of fabrics, then from Q-R (Sea port Manufacturer) the approximate lead time for the second stage is 15-20 days and at last from RMG (Manufacturer Buyer) the approximate lead time for the last stage is 35-45 days. Figure 3: Basic Supply chain of Bangladeshi RMG Industries P Raw material Suppliers Source: Nuruzzaman, 2007 Q Sea Port R Manufacturers M Buyers The present estimated time from point Q to point R is unnecessary. Here the main task is unloading the container and carry it to the manufacturing point. The total procedure can be done by only 2 or 3 days through efficient management in port and good transportation system. But due to inefficiency of port management and poor transportation system it takes 15 to 20. From the above observation it is clear to us that, just for import of raw materials Bangladeshi manufacturers are forced to spend 55-75 days more. So import dependency for fabrics is the main reason of longer lead time. In the present analysis mainly the â€Å"Order lead time† (see the Lead time theory) will be considered and will be shown how can we reduce that time by an appropriate supply chain management. The manufacturers were asked a number of questions emphasizing this theme, how inefficient management in the chain can affect lead-time, and also what the consequences can be. In the interview when it was asked, all the manufacturers responded, order lead time is the main factor behind the lead time problem in the RMG sector. We can reduce maximum. 30 days by taking proper step in the supply chain. Most of the manufacturers responded that lead-time can be influenced if the buyer make contract with the raw material suppliers before giving final order to the manufacturers and if the government bodies take proper measures to increase efficiency at sea port. The Managing Director of Azmat Group stated, â€Å"We generally place order to the fabric suppliers after final contract Lead Time Management in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: An Avenues for Survival and Growth 622 with the buyers and count 15-20 days to make fabrics. This manufacturing lead time can be reduced by the help of buyers or buying house. They can make ready their required fabrics at first and then they can make contract with us. As such we need not waste 15-20 days for the required fabrics. † Some manufacturers pointed out two main points responsible to increase lead time i. e. shipping time and unloading procedure at port. Some other manufacturers pointed out the poor infrastructure in railway and road transport to move their materials from port to manufacturers factory. They all believe that order lead-time can be reduced if government authorities take proper steps o increase the efficiency of the port and develop the rail and road transport. It seems that the respondents have different but almost same opinions on this issue. A manufacturer, K. M. Fashions Ltd. , expressed his opinion in a more logical way and stated, â€Å"To reduce lead-time effectively we have to reduce import dependency as soon as possible. Immediately we can reduce 30-40% lead time only by proper and efficient management in the supply c hain. † The largest RMG manufacturer Opex group responded, Lead time is generally 90-120 days for the woven garments. But immediately we can reduce 30% of lead time through proper management in supply chain during import of fabrics and 15% would be possible by only developing port facilities. If we develop our textile sector and procure fabrics from the local market we can reduce 60% of total lead time. For the knitwear garments we procure all raw materials from the local market so there is no lead time problem in the Knitwear garments sector. From the above discussion, it appears that the manufacturers of RMG sector mainly face order lead time problem and this problem occurred in the supply chain due to inefficient management. Time consumed in the first four steps in the supply chain is the basic reasons for increasing lead time. It is possible to reduce a major portion of order lead time by improving the other three areas namely, communication, port management and transport management in the supply chain. We can get a clear idea about lead time in the supply chain by considering the equation of lead time and put average estimated time collected from the interviews for each step. We know that; Total lead time = [{Information lead time}+ {(Order lead time)}] Or, = [{Information lead time} + {(time to manufacturing fabrics) + (time to shipment of fabrics)+(time to unloading fabrics and customs formalities at port) + (time to take fabrics from port to manufacturing point) + (time to sample approval and production of final product)+ Time to shipment or export of final products)}] Or, 120 = [{7} + {(15)+ (25)+(14)+(6) + (23)+(30)}] From the above equation, we can say that through the first four stages a manufacturer received fabrics from the suppliers after 60 days on average. Out of this the shipping time of 25 days is constant. There is no chance to reduce this shipping time but we can reduce the rest 35 days. There are two parties and various activities involved between suppliers and manufacturers in the supply chain. It can be seen in the fig. -4 broadly. The activities and time consumption area have been illustrated here through four boxes (A-D) or stages. Figure 4: Lead-time and fabrics importing process A B C D Manufacturin Suppliers Manufacturing g fabrics Shipping time (Receive order time shipment of fabrics) Unloading Manufacturer Unloading fabrics at sea s plant/ transportation time port warehouse Source: Nuruzzaman, 2007 623 Nuruzzaman and Ahasanul Haque After final contract with the buyers, manufacturers first place order to the foreign fabrics supplier (A). Then the supplier manufactures fabrics (B) and send fabrics by shipment. After a certain time the ship reaches at the port (C). Here after unloading and completing some custom formalities fabrics are sent through train or road transport to the manufacturers production-plant/warehouse (D). For this total process from A-D manufacturers need 55-75 days. At the time of import a proper management in the supply chain can reduce 30-35 days. The rest of the time of 25-35 days is needed only for shipment. It is known from the interview that most of the buyers have no regional offices in Dhaka. These are either in Bangkok or Singapore. One of the largest European garment sub-contractors based in Dhaka is Hennes Mauritaz (HM) from Sweden (Asia invest, p-11, Sector 4. ). The regional offices and the buyers resident in Dhaka can build a stock of the required quality of fabrics in advance before making final contract with the manufacturers. It will definitely reduce the manufacturing time. Again the proper and efficient management at port and good transportation system can reduce time to receive raw materials from port to manufacturing plants. But if we avoid fabric import altogether then we can reduce 55-75 days from the total lead time and we will be able to assure export of RMG products by 45-60 days regularly. Landmark group is a leading garment manufacturer in the knitwear sector of Bangladesh. It states, we do not face lead time problem for our RMG products. We generally take 45-60 days to export our product because we need not to spend any time to import raw materials. We procure all knit fabrics and accessories from the local market. Therefore in conclusion we can say that by efficient supply chain management we can reduce 29% of total lead time. But to survive in the competition we have to reduce lead time by minimum 50% and we can reduce 55-60% of total lead time by avoiding import and abolishing import dependency attitude. Analysis the lead time management of a model Company (Sharmin Group) The company’s some successful and unsuccessful business process with different buyers have been analysed here to have a clear idea about the way to minimisation of lead time. Generally, after getting final order, the company collects fabrics as per buyers direction from the foreign suppliers. After collection of fabrics they prepare sample as per design. Then after approval of the sample the company goes for mass production and shipment to the buyers. To complete the whole process the company generally takes about 90-120 days but sometimes for some buyers it takes about 110-140 days. There are also some buyers who complete the whole process by only 50-60 days. The company takes 45-50 days in all to approve the sample and finish the production following the sample approval process. We can see the sample approval flow chart in the fig. -1 of Appendix-1. Some buyers like BMB Apparels follows this sample approval flow chart, but most of the buyers even follow shorter processes. The interview was taken very closely with the Managing Director of Sharmin Group. At the time of interview he was found scared for the possible awful situation in the post MFA period. He stated, we have all but just for want of fabrics we are going to face stiff competition. What he said about the business operations of the company could be summerised as follows. After getting the final order, the company communicates with the suppliers through e-mail and over telephone. For this task the company spend few days. Mr. Hossain said that they were not worried about the information lead time. They generally take 5-7 days for this process. He said, â€Å"In the garment business suppliers are not permanent, we had to communicate with one or more suppliers for fabrics in time after getting final order. A good numbers of accessories are procured from the local market. So e-mail and telephonic communication are sufficient for the RMG companies. At the time of interview it was gathered that the company was facing problem mainly in the supply chain i. e. order lead time for importing fabrics. The company, Sharmin group also faces problem in the sample approval process. In the supply chain the company had to spend 45 days on an Lead Time Management in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: An Avenues for Survival and Growth 624 average which is not negligible . Again, the sample approval process is also cumbersome. It takes enough time and thus contributes to increase lead time problem. Mr. Hossain expressed that the company could reduce a certain portion of lead time by taking some appropriate measures but 60% of lead time can be reduced by avoiding import dependency and by considering alternative source of fabrics supply. In Fig. -2 of appendix-1 the estimated time can be seen at different stages of the manufacturing process of Sharmin group. The estimated time was shown according to the information delivered by the Managing Director of Sharmin Group. Most of the buyers follow in this process to purchase garments from this company. At the time of our discussion on the present situation of the RMG business, Managing Director of this company told us that he was afraid for the post MFA period. The company was certainly going to lose its business due to long lead time in the post MFA period. He urged that immediately we should take some proper measures to reduce lead time. At the time of interview it has been informed that the company was doing business successfully with a European company where lead time was in between 45 to 60 days. It is the competitive lead time in the RMG sector of Bangladesh. In the figure-2 of Appendix-1 total business process of Sharmin group has been visualised through A-F stages. From this figure we can get clear information about the estimated time in six different stages like, A-B, B-C, C-D, D-E, E-F and from F to Buyers. The total lead time in this process for Sharmin group is 120-140. There is a buyer named BMB Apparels doing business with Sharmin. It strictly follows 100% of the sample approval flow chart the RMG business process like the figure-12 (see appendix-1). Therefore its average lead time is 130 days. But the other buyers like JC Penny, American Eagle do not maintain the sample approval flow chart of fig. -1(Appendix-1). They approve sample in a normal procedure and spend 5-10 days for approval. In this case they take help from local office or local agent. Therefore their average lead time is in between 90-120 days. At present the company is doing business successfully with Corona maintaining a minimum lead time. In this regard Mr. Hossain urged, â€Å"we have to consider this success story with the buyer like Corona and find ways and means to deliver garments product to the buyer by 45-60 days†. When asked for the reasons for the success in the business to the Managing Director, opined his success is mainly due to the procurement of fabrics from the local market. The buyer Corona at first makes their fabrics ready then contact with the manufacturer for order placement. The buyer takes just one or two days for sample approval. As a result the company is able to cut down the lead time by about 60-70 days. According to the figure-2 (Appendix-1), the average information lead time is 6 days and the average order lead time is 129 days for the Sharmin group. So reduction of order lead time is the crux of lead time problem. Out of 129 days, in the supply chain, total average lead time is 52 days. By taking some proper measures like making fabrics available in advance, developing inland transportation system, improving management efficiency at port etc. , it is possible to reduce about 23 days in B, C, D and E stages of supply chain. In the supply chain the rest of the time is for shipment. The company can cut down this time only by avoiding import. It is also possible to reduce 30 days in sample approval process by adopting normal sample approval process performed by other buyers or by encouraging the buyers to open a local office in Bangladesh. Considering the equation of lead time and putting value in that equation three types of buyer of this company can be analysed. First time we are considering BMB apparels from UK. We know that; Total lead time = [{Information lead time}+ {(Order lead time)}] Or, = [{Information lead time} + {(fabrics manufacturing time) + (fabrics shipment time)+ (unloading and transportation time) + (sample approval and production time of garments product)+ (shipment time for export of final products)}] = [{6}+ {(11) + (24) +(12)+(35+12)+(30)}] So, total average lead time = 130 days In this study for the BMB buyer, manufacturers order lead time is 124 days. In the supply chain the company spends totally (11+24+12) = 47 days for import of fabrics where 20 days can be saved. 625 Nuruzzaman and Ahasanul Haque Time for the last two stages is common for all manufacturers. Here manufacturer spends (47+30) = 67 days where maximum time is consumed by sample approval. The company spends about 35 days for sample approval process for this buyer. It is unusual. So here sample approval process is the main reason for increasing lead time. Secondly, the buyer JC Penny from USA has been considered. For this buyer, Total lead time = [{Information lead time}+ {(Order lead time)}] Or, = [{Information lead time} + {(time to manufacturing fabrics) + (time to shipment of fabrics)+(time to unloading fabrics and customs formalities at port) + (time to take fabrics from port to manufacturing point) + (time to sample approval and production of final product)+ shipment time to export of final products)}] = [{6} + {(12)+ (25)+(14)+(6) + (23)+(30)}] So, total average lead time = 116 days Now form the above calculation it is clear that doing business with the buyer JC Penny, USA, manufacturers order lead time is 110 days. In the supply chain the company spends totally (12+25+14+6) = 56 days for importing fabrics where about 24 days can be reduced. Times for the last two stages are common to all manufacturers. Here manufacturer spends (23+30) = 53 days. Where maximum 10 days is spent for sample approval. It is a normal process. So in the above calculations it has been observed that the four values as underlined above are the principal reasons for the increase of lead time. Thirdly has been considered the buyer of ‘Corona’ from Italy. For this buyer, Total lead time = [{Information lead time}+ {(Order lead time)}] Or, = [{Information lead time} + {(time to sample approval and production of final product)+ (shipment time to export of final products)}] = [{1}+ (17)+(30)}] So, total average lead time = 48 days. Here in this case the manufacturer does not have to import fabrics for Corona. The buyer himself supplies fabrics from their own textile mill located in Bangladesh. For this reason the order lead time is only 47 days. After getting order the company spends totally 48 days in the supply chain to export final products to the buyer. In this case as there is no need to import of fabrics the RMG company does not face any manufacturing lead time, transportation related problem and unloading related problem at port. Therefore the manufacturer does not have any problem in the supply chain. We know time required for the last two stages are common to all manufacturers. So there is no scope to reduce this time. Here buyer (Corona) communicates with the prospective manufacturer over telephone and takes the sample to the manufacturer physically and approves the sample within two/three days. For that reason information lead time and sample approval time are very minimal in the total lead time. From the above discussion and analysis of some buyer’s success and other failure in reducing lead time, one can draw a conclusion that if Sharmin group could avoid import and collect fabrics from the local market, the lead time would be between 45-60 days. It will be more competitive if the buyer would open a local office in Dhaka. This will minimise sample approval process. While integrating all the findings from the survey and the case study we can draw a conclusion that in the current RMG business manufacturers are facing lead time problem due to import dependency i. e. import of fabrics from foreign market. This problem is exacerbated due to inefficiency in the supply chain management. Lead time could be further reduced by taking some appropriate measures in manufacturing, unloading and transportation system but it does not help the manufacturer to be more competitive. If the manufacturers could find some alternative source of supply in the local market and collect fabrics locally. That will be more logical, appropriate and helpful in the direction of lead time reduction. Considering all the above analyses a new model of RMG business process has been proposed in fig. -7, which is expected to be helpful in reducing lead time. Lead Time Management in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: An Avenues for Survival and Growth Figure 7: Proposed business process for RMG Industries in Bangladesh Buying house/ Buyers agent 626 Foreign buyers Local market Garments company (Manufacturer) Backward linkage industries Buyers own textile mills Order flow Collect raw materials Final product supply flow Information flow Conclusion The RMG sector of Bangladesh has entered in the quota free market after 2005. From that time this sector is in a very disadvantageous situation due to long lead time which has negative impact on export growth. Through analysis of empirical data it has been found that import dependency is the major bottleneck and it is the main factor for greater lead time. Just due to import of fabrics manufacturers are to count shipment time, unloading time, customs clearance time and transportation time from port to ICD( Inland container depot ) at Kamalapur, Dhaka. Import dependency arises out of the absence of sufficient backward linkage industry and for this reason a total additional 55-75 days are spent in the import process of fabrics by RMG sector of Bangladesh. As a result this sector is facing long lead time which is 90 to 130 days on the average. From the analysis it is clear that the impact of information lead time is very negligible on total lead time. It contributes only 6%. However, order lead-time has a great role to increase the lead time. By the analysis it was found that fabrics manufacturing time, shipping time, unloading time and transportation time are included in the order lead time. In conclusion considering the above analysis it has been found that import dependency is contributing 50% or more in the problem of long lead time and it is the main factor for the problem of long lead time in the RMG sector. Sample approval is another factor contributing for long lead time. The buyer from Italy for ‘Corona’ brand taking 48 days to complete all the process. It is the standard lead time to compete with the other manufacturer and exporter of the world. It becomes possible only for avoiding import of fabrics. For the buyer of Corona, manufacturer collects fabrics from the local market from their own textile. So, reduction of lead time is possible when the RMG sector ensure the availability of fabrics from the local market by developing backward linkage industry specially in the oven sector and by establishing textile mills by the buyer for their own consumption. 27 Nuruzzaman and Ahasanul Haque Azad, R. (2004), Readymade Garment Industry in Bangladesh: Competitiveness and sustainability, unpublished Ph. D. thesis, Dept. of Marketing, R. U. , Bangladesh. BGMEA research cell, BGMEA, BTMC Bhaban, 7-9, Kawranbazar, Dhaka. Charles J. Murgiano, CPIM, Short lead time=Tall profit, Wellesley: Waterloo Manufacturing Software, Advanced Planning and Sched uling Technology Paper, waterloosoftware. com/leadtime. html, Retrieve; December 10,2007. Cooke and Morgan (1998), The Association Economy, England; Oxford University Press. Gothenburg University website (2005), http://elsmar. com/Lead_Time/tsld006. htm, Retrieved on September, 2005. Khan, Shahiduzzaman (2007), â€Å"Apparel Industry faces daunting tasks ahead†, Editorial report, Financial Express, September 9, 2007. Kutubuddin Ahmed (2002), Impact of MFA phase out on the apparel industry of Bangladesh and remedial measures fir its survival, Bangladesh Apparel and Textile Exposition souvenir, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Li, J. Q. , Shaw, M. J. and Tan, G. W. , (2000) Evaluating Information Sharing in Two-level supply chain, management science, 1999. M. Taheruddin (2004), Problems and prospects of Garment Industry, The Daily Ittefaq, Wednesday, 23rd June, Dhaka, Bangladesh, P- 10 Munir Quddus, Salim Rashid (2000), Entrepreneurs and Economic development- The Remarkable Story of Garment Exports from Bangladesh, The University Press Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh, P (23-80). Nuruzzaman, Md. (2008), â€Å"Lead time reduction and the application of Process Management- A study on selected RMG units in Bangladesh†, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 10, June 2008, P-63 Nuruzzaman Md. (2007), Developing Export of RMG products in Bangladesh: Analysing the lead time†, Management Trends, Vol. , No. 1, P- 1 Nuruzzaman, Md. (2005), â€Å" Development of Readymade Garment Business (RMG) in the process of Lead Time reduction- A study on Bangladeshi Readymade Garment Sector†, Draft Master Thesis, GBS, Gothenburg University, Sweden Schary, Philip B. (2000), Managing the global supply chain, Indian edition, Viva books private limited, Delhi. Simchi-Levi, David, Kaminsky, Philip. and Simchi-Levi, Edith (2000), Designing and Managing the supply chain, McGraw-Hill international edition, Singapore. References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] 12] [13] [14] [15] Lead Time Management in the Garment Sector of Bangladesh: An Avenues for Survival and Growth Internet source: http://elsmar. com/Lead_Time/tsld006. htm Retrieved on July 2004. 628 Appendix-1 Figure 1: Sample Approval Flow Chart Proto type Sample Green Seal Sample This should be made in the correct weight of material or knit. Requested by the QA/ Buying Office when an order is placed. The quality assurance team will make comments regarding fit and size. Also 1 meter of the intended bulk base fabric must be submitted for UK fibre content testing. Along with the completed test report request from stating the tests proposed for the style. Please note green seals will not be approved without the completed test request form Red Seal Sample A full size set in the correct base quality fabric and trims, in any available colour are requested in accordance to the critical path,(with enough time for a second remake to be made if necessary) before production commences. No samples are to be sent in substitute base fabrics. A full size set is required for all styles, but not all colours. Photo Samples and Presentation Samples The above samples must be a good representation of production in bulk fabric with correct details and trims( including labels). We require 2 samples per colour/style. Sizes to be confirmed by buyer. Press Samples Press samples will be required for ceretain styles and must be a good representation of production in bulk fabric, with correct details and trims(including labels). Sizes to be confirmed by buyer. Gold Seal Samples One sample of each colour in each size must be sent to the quality assurance team for the attention of the relevant technilogist. A minimum of 3 working days must be allowed for approval prior to shipment/despatch from factory. i. e. If 6 sizes and 5 colours, one samples of each size in each colour, and two sizes in the same colour. These need to be correct for style, size specification, fabric colour, trimming qualities and colours. Made to the correct manufacturing standards on the correct machinery. Mock Shop Samples Four samples per colourway, correctly packaged will be required with the gold seal samples for mock shop purposes, the buyer will confirm these. No shipment can be made without a signed certificate of relese from both the inspection team and buyers quality assurance department Repeats There is no requirements to obtain green red sealing samples for repeat purchases. However gold seals are required. Contract Placed Green Seal Sample Test request form to be completed Red Seal Sample Photo Press Sample Presentation Sample Gold Seal Samples original test reports. Approved certificate of release to be obtained Mock Shop Samples if required Inspection Shipping Source: constructed for this study based on interview 29 Figure: 2 Nuruzzaman and Ahasanul Haque A Manufacturer communicates with the suppliers Information time, 5-7 days Suppliers (Receive order of fabrics) Manufacturing time, 10-12 days Manufacturing fabrics shipment Shipment time, 2225 days Unloading fabrics at sea port transport to the Manufacturing point Unloading transportation time, 10-14 days Sample making, approval production Sample approval production time, 45-50 days B C D E F Shipment to the buyers Shipment time, 28-32 days Final destination Source: Constructed for this study Based on Interview

Sexual Harassment & Organizational Behavior Essay

Sexual Harassment & Organizational Behavior - Essay Example A culture within an organization is developed that will determine its leadership methods, communication channels and group dynamics within a teamwork frame work through the formation of well structured elements. Creation of these elements depends on the organizational setting and the people involved in day to day running of the company. These people include; watchmen, secretaries, salesmen, supervisors, managers, firm owners, directors among others. All of them form the organizational structure and its behavior depends on their individual behaviors. The basis of this model is that it provides power and authority to the organizations’ management to punish errant members of its organization. Employees are inclined towards obedience and looking unto the boss for advice and direction. Any unwelcome conduct or contact that touches on sexual privacy is sexual harassment.3 It affects both men and women although the latter are frequent victims. The following are incidences considered to be sexual harassment. Not every employee in the organization smokes or rather take cigarette in their daily life as a form of pleasure. Smoking as is widely known is harmful to not only the healthy of the smoker but also the person inhaling the smoke from the cigarette. Honesty is very important in an organization not only to the managers but also to individual relationships. Cheating downgrades an individual’s character, integrity and the organizational performance. This group of people are demeaning and demanding in nature. They are not tactful in nature but they mean to offend anyone. They don’t give out important assignments but they earn respect and trust from the rest of the members. They normally have problems with rules, schedules and work hours. In most cases this group of people lose tract of what is going on with the organizations and they are likely to miss details of important duties.

The causes of crime are ultimately matters of individual Essay

The causes of crime are ultimately matters of individual responsibility and choice. Critically discuss - Essay Example Many of the different approaches to dealing with crime are developed within those frameworks from the various assumptions and values which hold sway within that particular nation. It is more likely that, for countries or systems that believe a criminal is a product of his or her environment, money will be spent on rehabilitation and treatment with much less emphasis on custodial sentences. For those who believe people are responsible for their actions and intend to commit crimes (indeed intention, or mens rea, is required in all systems in order to convict someone of crime), the emphasis is likely to be on punishment, generally not specifically intended to address rehabilitation, such as custody. Clearly these concepts require a great deal of unpacking which will be done in the course of this essay. The key thing is to examine the various explanations as to why people commit crimes, be they biological psychological or sociological, and what sorts of criminal systems such approaches g enerate. It is quite imperative to begin this analysis by acknowledging the variety of definitions of crime as used by various criminal justice systems all over the world. The variety of such definitions has been brought about by the modern society whereby some people differ on what is good and what is wrong. In relation to this, some crimes are said to be acceptable in some circumstances by some groups while others, non-criminal, actions are believed unacceptable. What then ringers in our minds is who has the power to define the term crime? However, the term has had a number of definitions. To start with, a crime is said to be an act prescribed by law and is subject to punishment. It can not only be an act, but also an omission which is failure to act where law enforces a duty to act. It is worth noting that in the recent times, crimes are not only being restricted to acts and omissions that can violate that rights of other people, but also those which can either harm the

Treatment Of Clostridium Difficile Infection Health And Social Care Essay

Treatment Of Clostridium Difficile Infection Health And Social Care Essay As a nurse working in acute medical ward for elderly, I work closely with patients with C. difficile infection. I have noticed the effect of C. difficile infection in elderly can be fatal. C. difficile is a gram positive anaerobic bacillus. They colonise in the oxygen deficient areas of the body. That can cause life threatening conditions, including diarrhoea, colitis and septicaemia and resulting death. C. difficile infection can cause serious illness and a significant cause of patient morbidity and mortality. It is a major cause of hospital acquired diarrhoea. C. difficile infection can cause serious illness and hospital outbreaks .It can cause significant financial burden on NHS. It is estimated that the increased length of hospital stay itself can cause an excess of around  £4,000 per patient. The number of death certificates mentioning C. difficile infection in England and Wales fell by 29% between 2007 and 2008 ,after increasing every year since records began in 1999(National Statistics,2008). According to Weston (2007), Clostridium difficile was first identified in 1935s, but until the late 1970s it was not identified as the cause of pseudo membranous colitis following antibiotic therapy. C. difficile infection is more common in elderly (over the age of 65). People who have a long stay in health care settings, those who have recently had gastrointestinal surgery and those who have a serious underlying illness that compromises their immune system are also at high risk to get C. difficile infection. In-patients are also at high risk if there are hospital outbreaks. Poor infection controls are also an important risk factor. Causes Antibiotics are considered as the most important cause for C. difficile infection. Any antibiotic can cause C. difficile infection, but Broad spectrum cephalosporins, broad spectrum penicillin and clindamycin are most frequently implicated. The second most commonly named antibiotic is Co amoxiclav (Health Protection Agency, 2008). The use of proton pump inhibitors such as lansoprazole, omeprazole and pantoprazole are also potential risk factor for C. difficile infection (Leonard et al., 2007). The disruption of normal harmless bacteria in the gut, because of antibiotic therapy also allows the C. difficile to multiply to greater number. The bacteria start to produce toxins. The antacids suppress the gastric acid secretion and as a result, C. difficile bacteria, including the spores are less likely destroyed. The reason for community associated C. difficile infection was unclear but it is become clear that the reasons for the majority of the infections are associated with antibiotic pr escriptions or hospitalisation (Wilcox et al., 2008). Transmission The transmission is through faecal-oral route. The infected patients acquire the organisms directly from other patients with diarrhoea. The route of transmission may be direct, via the hands of health care workers or via the hands of patients or via the environment. Asymptomatic people who are colonised with C. difficile are also can be able to transmit the disease. About 3% is the colonisation rate in healthy adults, but this increases to nearly 20 % in older people especially in chronic care wards. The spore form of C. difficile can survive in the environment for five months or more on hard surfaces. It is considered that the primary route of transmission of C. difficile infection via healthcare workers hand. Clinical features and pathogenesis The most important clinical feature is sudden onset of offensive smelling diarrhoea during a course of antibiotic or who had antibiotics with in the previous two months. Patients may pass soft or watery stool more than twice daily or in more severe cases more than 20 times accompanied by severe abdominal cramps (Weston, 2007). Abdominal distension, fever and dehydration may also be present in more severe cases. Unless C. difficile is diagnosed, the patients can be miss- diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome. C. difficile infection is a major health problem worldwide that leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Healthy adults carry around 500 species of bacteria in the colon, 90% of which are harmless (Weston, 2007). C. difficile colitis results from the disruption of normal colonic flora and C. difficile colonises in the oxygen deficient areas of intestine. The spores are able to replicate and produce toxins that can lead to mucosal damage and inflammation. In a healthy adult t he normal colonic flora inhibit the growth and colonisation by C. difficile. The antibiotic therapy may disrupt the normal flora and allow the C. difficile to colonise very rapidly. After colonisation the organisms produces two protein exotoxins( Toxin A, an enterotoxin and Toxin B , a cytotoxin) in to the colonic lumen. These are responsible for diarrhoea and colitis. Toxin A binds to the receptors in the intestine and cause extensive tissue damage, inflammation and oedema. Both toxins posses cytotoxic activity against cultured cells by same mechanisms but they differ in cytotoxic potency, toxin B is generally 1000 times more potent than toxin A and to play a major role in activating inflammatory repose (Weston, 2007). Toxin B is more important than toxin A in the pathogenesis of C. difficile infection in man. According to lab test reports there are 100 different types of c difficile stains. The most recognised epidemic types is ribotype 027.The most important feature of ribotype 027 is hypertoxin production, 10 to 20 times more toxin than other stains. The C. difficile infection caused by ribotype 027 are more likely to be severe with increased complications such as renal impairment, severe colonic dilatation and sepsis (Freeman et al., 2007).The clinical features include increased severity of illness, failure to respond to antibiotics ,abdominal distension. Raised CRP and rising WCC particularly in patients who may have appeared to respond to antibiotics and deterioration in condition and appears to have higher mortality rate. Diagnosis Laboratory studies of stool sample will help to detect c difficile infection. Stool culture will help to detect the presence of difficile with toxin production. Stool enzyme immunoassay (ELISA)will detect both of the toxins ( A or B). For toxin B Stool cytotoxicity assay will be positive.Endoscopy may demonstrate ,but it is the least sensitive for diagnosing C. difficile as compared to stool assays., Sigmoidoscopy alone may not reveal any abnormality if the disease is confined to the right colon. Colonoscopy is more useful. Because of the risk of perforation Sigmoidoscopy and Colonoscopy is contraindicated in patients with colitis (Weston, 2007). Treatment The treatment of C. difficile infection depends on the severity of the illness. At my work place, the patient is closely monitored and isolated. A stool chart is maintained using Bristol Stool Chart. All antibiotics that are not required are stopped. This will help the normal bacteria to thrive again in the gut. If any patient develops C. difficile infection at my work place, we conduct a thorough investigation for the causes and we notify the antibiotic management team to review the patient. The team will review the patient in the ward (rounds Wed/Fri.) or via the phone. There will be a root cause analysis to find why the patient developed C. difficile infection? In some patients fluid and electrolyte replacement and nutrition review may also be necessary. In mild cases of C. difficile infection, patients are monitored for 48 hrs before starting antibiotics. In severe cases, antibiotics may need to be administered immediately. Metronidazole and Vancomycin are the two preliminary ant ibiotics used in the treatment of the infection (Weston, 2007). Usually a 7 to 10 day of therapy is required. Oral metronidazole 400mgs eight hourly for seven to ten days is the first line of treatment. It is contraindicated in women who are pregnant or who are breast feeding. The most recognised side effects of the metronidazole are an unpleasant metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, headache, pruritus, rashes, dizziness and reversible neutropenia. Vancomycin is known to cause the spread of vancomycin resistant bacteria. Vancomycin is used for severe, life threatening cases of C. difficile infection. It is also used for patients unable to tolerate metronidazole and failed treatment with metronidazole. Vancomycin is expensive. Oral vancomycin is not completely absorbed or metabolized in the gut and is excreted in the stool unchanged. This is ideal in the treatment of C. difficile infection. The recommended oral vancomycin doses for adults are either 125mg or 500mg four times daily. The use of a rectal vancomycin enema (500mg diluted in 1000ml of 0.9% sodium chloride injection) is also an alternative. A recurrence of symptomatic disease with re infection occurs in 5-20% cases. Management of repeated relapses is more difficult. The options include slow tapering of vancomycin or metronidazole over a period of six weeks and vancomycin combined with rifampicin for seven days. There are also case reports of successful treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin which contains antibodies to c difficile toxins. The studies shows oral administration of limited bacteria or yeast helps to reconstitute the gut flora and there is a potential to prevent infection.The ability of these organisms to colonize and also to prevent and treat the c.difficile is unclear. (Department Of Health, 2009). Surgery may be needed for small number of cases especially if C. difficile infection progress to fulminant colitis and perforation. Loperamide (anti diarrhoea drug) is contraindicated for C. difficile infection because this will slow down the clearing of toxic bacteria (Weston, 2007). Prevention Control Preventing the spread of C. difficile can be challenging as hospitals tend to have an increasing population of elderly, debilitated and susceptible persons, which naturally increases the number susceptible hosts within the environment. Isolation Isolation should be implemented in conjunction with the infection prevention and control measures to minimise the risk of spread to other vulnerable groups. Private room/side room is recommended, especially for patients who are fecally incontinent. Cohort symptomatic C. difficile associated disease patients only with other symptomatic C. difficile infected patients, to minimise environmental contamination. Patients with C. difficile infection may be moved to other rooms or bays when the diarrhoea ceases (no diarrhoea at least 48 hours) (Department Of Health, 2009 and Health Protection Agency, 2009). Hand washing Barrier nursing Contact precautions should be used for C. difficile infected patients with diarrhoea. Proper hand washing is essential. Alcohol-based hand gels are not effective in reducing the spread of the organism and are not recommended. Disposable gloves and aprons should be worn when caring for the patients. It is recommended that not to share the equipments between the patients. It is a good practice to inform healthcare workers and visitors that a patient is on contact precautions, such as labelling the door of the room, without disturbing patients privacy. Last year we (My work place) spent  £1,280.32 for soap, alcohol, gel and moisturiser. Environmental Cleaning The environment of a patient with C. difficile infection should be cleaned thoroughly at least twice per day. An approved hospital disinfectant-detergent should be used for all environmental cleaning. Terminal cleaning (stage cleaning) of ward area is essential after the discharge or transfer or death of a patient with C. difficile infection. (My ward) Decontamination of equipment Do not share equipments among patients to prevent cross infection. Commodes and bedpans are heavily contaminated with spores and are considered as vehicles of cross infection in C. difficile outbreaks. It is ideal that symptomatic patients have their own commodes or toilet facilities. Proper disinfection must be essential. Transfer of Patients Transfer of patients with C. difficile infection or disease to another ward, unit, or to the long term care facility must be informed prior to the transfer that the patient has C. difficile infection. Same notice must accompany transfer of patients with C. difficile infection to a long term care facility (Department Of Health, 2009). It is not necessary to have absence of diarrhoea or negative stool cultures before the transfer of a C. difficile patient to a long term care facility. On the patients discharge, we need to notify the primary care physician (My ward). Rectal Thermometers Since the outbreaks C. difficile in hospitals and long term care facilities, rectal thermometers are restricted to use. For the routine use Electronic tympanic thermometers are recommended (Department Of Health, 2009) Education Ward should conduct training programmes to the health care staff. Ensure that patient / family information leaflets are given out. Anti microbial management team It is the responsibility of the hospital trust to develop anti microbial management team. That should consist of a consultant microbiologist, pharmacist and prescriber. The trust also needs to develop restrictive antibiotic guidelines. These guidelines specifically need to address to avoid the use of broad spectrum cephalosporin, broad spectrum penicillin and clindamycin especially in elderly and minimise the use of fluroquinolones, carbapenems,that we follow in my work place. It is also a good practice to have an infection control link nurse to each and every ward. It is their responsibility to do proper training for staffs and auditing the clinical area. Outbreaks of C. difficile infection in Long Term Care Facilities An outbreak of C. difficile infection is defined as three or more cases of symptomatic C. difficile infection mainly in the same area of the hospital ward within a period of seven days. Infected patients should be placed in isolation room or cohorted. Patient(s) can be removed from precautions if there is no diarrhoea .There is no need to wait for negative stool culture to remove the patent from precautions. An education program regarding C. difficile infection and its transmission and prevention should be conducted to all health care workers. Need to highlight the use of gloves and aprons and moreover proper hand washing. The health care facility need to monitor for any significant episodes of C. difficile infection, and then need to liaise with local health department for further assistance (Walker K et al., 1993). Possible Solution Conducting education programmes and workshops for health care workers and public to increase the awareness of C. difficile infection can contribute a major role in reducing the number of C. difficile infection cases within the healthcare system. Need special attention to personal hygiene. The primary route transmission is via the hands of healthcare workers and other patients and residents. It is very important to perform proper hand washing and barrier nursing (gloves, gowns). Environmental hygiene is also very important factor in controlling C. difficile infection. Regular and proper cleaning of patient rooms with anti bacterial cleaning agents is essential as C. difficile toxins can stay in the environment for several months. Changing the way doctors prescribe antibiotic therapy is also an important strategy in control the C. difficile infection. Because C. difficile infection is always associated with the use of antibiotics, It is also recommended to have an antimicrobial management team for each hospital (Department Of Health, 2009). In cases of recurrent C. difficile infection experts agree that the non antibiotic treatment have a positive impact. The use of toxin binders neutralises the effect of toxin producing stains and to helps the intestinal flora to restore .Tolevamer, developed by Genzyme Corporation is the first non antibiotic treatment approved for C. difficile infection (www.mediscape.com). Mandatory surveillance of C. difficile infection in the United Kingdom When looking at surveillance reports, many of the hospitals in the UK have been affected with outbreaks of C. difficile.  We can see that the large increase in the number is between 2000 and 2007.It is the responsibility of the  hospitals in the UK has to measure and report to the Department of Health.  The surveillance should include the number of positive cases, number of severe infections, the number of required surgery cases and number of deaths. The surveillance of C. difficile infection is taking to get a target for 30% reduction from 2007/2008 numbers by 2010/2011.  In 2007-2008, there were 55,498 cases reported across England. In 2008-2009, the cases reported dropped to 36,095. i.e., cases dropped by 35%. Last year our target (My hospital and my community) was 180. The number of cases reported was 171, 98 of which are from hospital (7 cases from my ward).This year, the target is 155. Social, economic and political issues. C. difficile infection is expensive to the NHS. The total identifiable increased cost of C. difficile infection causes an excess of  £4000 per case. Such high costs can be used to justify expenditure on personnel and/or other control measures to reduce the incidence of this hospital-acquired infection. There are notable outbreaks of c. difficile infection worldwide since 2003.Outbreaks was reported in Montreal, Quebec and Calgary, Alberta, in Canada. Approximately 1400 cases affected, death count 36 89.A similar outbreak reported at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in the United Kingdom between 2003 and 2005, in which 33 patients died. In 2007 Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust was heavily criticized by the Commission, have heightened media and made public awareness. In 2009, four deaths reported at Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital in Ireland also thought to have links to Clostridium difficile infection. The prevention and control of C. difficile infection in health care settings is bec ome a global public health challenge.(Health Protection Agency 2009) Conclusion C. difficile infection is a major problem in hospitals that is associated with the use of antibiotics. C. difficile infection also recognised as one of the major health care associated infection. It is estimated that C. difficile infection affects between 40000-60000 people in the UK every year. The prevention and control of C. difficile infection is very important. The three main elements of prevention are: Need to restricted use of antibiotics; Strict isolation precautions and barrier nursing when looking after patients with diarrhoea and Through cleaning of clinical areas. Poor hand washing is known to play a key role in the spread of infection. Hand washing facilities in the hospitals such as the number of hand washing sinks and their position, and type of taps are also need to be inspected. Hand washing protocols is low in many hospitals. C. difficile infection needs treatment only if it is symptomatic. Most of the people make full recovery and in rare cases the infection can be fatal. Infection control teams need to develop education programmes to improve compliance and regular auditing. It is everybodys business to participate to prevent and control C. difficile infection with in the health care system. The health care workers need to follow the hospital infection control policy.